The work investigated the effect of laser pulses on the dielectric properties of organic glass. The reasons for the observed changes were considered. The obtained results were compared with data on im- pact action on a similar target.

For the first time, an analysis of the initial stage of eutectic contact melting has been carried out, taking into account the elements of quantum mechanics – the attraction of the atom in question to its «own» lattice site. The resonant interaction of atoms and the synchronization of their frequencies are considered. The role of the principle of identity, which is based on quantum structural interactions leading to the rec- ognition of «one’s own» and «their», is emphasized.

The paper investigates the effects in field-effect MRI transistors associated with the capture of charges by traps located both in the subcutaneous oxide layer and at the Si/SiO₂ interface. It is shown that the appearance of a positive charge is caused by the capture of holes by traps located near the boundary of the valence band of the anode, and at high stress doses, electron capture begins to play a predominant role. In the case of nega- tive gate voltages, the positive charge in the oxide is located near the Si/SiO₂ interface (~1 nm), that is, within the limits of electron tunneling. The current through a thin oxide, resulting from the Fowler-Nordheim effect, leads to the accumulation of charges in the oxide layer, as well as to the formation of traps at the Si/SiO₂ interface.

The effect of extrusion extraction on the microhardness and yield strength of ultrahigh molecu- lar weight polyethylene and its composite is investigated. It was found that the main factor influencing the value of microhardness is the degree of anisotropy of the studied materials, characterized by the molecular de- gree of extraction. The differences in microhardness values measured parallel and perpendicular to the extru- sion direction at the same degrees of extraction are due to the predominant orientation of initially anisotropic polymer crystallites from folded chains. It is shown that for ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene and a composite based on it, the degree of anisotropy plays a dominant role in determining microhardness. It is es- tablished that the relationship between the microhardness of anisotropic materials and the yield strength is de- scribed by the same equations as in the case of isotropic materials.

. The paper presents the results of assessing the level of radon-222 and radon-220 in various types of premises in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The factors influencing its concentration have been determined. Exposure to high concentrations of radon is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, so it is important to systematically measure indoor radon levels and take appropriate measures to reduce it. Research results show that indoor radon levels can vary significantly depending on factors such as soil type, degree of building insulation, availability of ventilation systems, etc. Cases of exceeding recommended radon standards in certain rooms have been found, which underlines the need for systematic monitoring and measures to ensure the safety of the air environment inside buildings.

It has been shown that at certain critical nanofiller contents in nanocomposites polymer/carbon nanotube discrete reduction of carring out of applied to specimen mechanical stress from polymer matrix to nanofiller happens. Such effect is due to reaching of critical transitions in nanocomposites structure: percolation threshold or formation of closed annular structures of carbon nanotubes. Reaching of the indicated critical nanofiller contents defines reduction (or rate increasing) of nanocomposites mechanical properties.

Various monomers, in particular dichlorides of organic phosphorus acids, are used to obtain high-molecular compounds containing organophosphorus fragments in the main chain. It is known that organophosphorus polymers from phosphorus acid dichlorides with high molecular weights cannot be obtained due to the delocalization of the electron density on the phosphorus atom after one chlorine atom has entered the reaction, resulting in the passivation of the second chlorine atom.

The paper examines the polymerization processes of vinyl monomers in the presence of initiating systems amine – alkylating agent, with the formation of quaternary ammonium compounds. Studying the mechanisms of polymerization, a similarity was found between the polymerization of vinyl monomers in the presence of the initiating system tertiary amine – alkylating agent, and the polymerization of quaternary am- monium salts. The analogy lies in the identity of the active initiating centers formed and the mechanisms of chain growth and termination. In this case, the quaternary ammonium salt formed, which initiates the polymerization of vinyl monomers, is an active chain growth agent.

The paper presents the results of a study of the phytochemical composition of the leaves and fruits of Mahonia Aquifolium growing in Kabardino-Balkaria. Using standard methods, a high content of ascorbic acid, carotenoids and flavonoids in Mahonia fruits has been established. Mahonia Aquifolium can be recommended as an additional raw source of vitamins and bioflavonoids.

Copolyarylates based on 2,2-bis(4’-hydroxyphenyl) propane, 3,3-bis(4’-hydroxyphenyl) phthalide, an equimolar mixture of these bisphenols and acid chlorides of various carboxylic acids were synthesized by the method of low-temperature polycondensation using the mechanism of acceptor-catalytic polyesterifica- tion. The structures of the obtained polyesters were studied and the effect of the modifying agent on some ther- mal properties of the polyesters was investigated.

The structural treatment of thermodynamical affinity of particulate-filled polymer composites was proposed. It has been shown that these composites strength is defined by their structure affinity only, which is considered as difference of fractal dimensions of filler surface and polymer matrix. The filler contents increasing leads to reduction of composites affinity degree. The proposed model allows to predict these materials strength with high enough precision.

The surface of the ceramic material was treated with a 10 % solution of hydrofluoric acid. It was shown that hydrofluoric acid actively reacts with the main components of the ceramic material to form various soluble and slightly soluble compounds. The use of ultrasonic vibrations allows increasing the solubility of poorly soluble compounds. A significant change in the morphology of the ceramic workpiece surface was found when it was treated with hydrofluoric acid. At the same time, the depth and nature of these changes significantly depend on the treatment time.

The efficiency of PBT stabilization using Chimassorb-944 as an inhibitor of photooxidative degradation was studied. The mechanisms of its action as an acceptor of radicals and absorption and conversion of UV radiation were considered.

In the processes of production, processing and operation, thermoplastics are inevitably contaminated with impurities of metals of variable valence, prone to catalytic activity in destructive redox reactions. In this regard, the study shows that with the help of active oxygen acceptors, in particular, thermoplastic nanomodifiers – ultrafine metal medium (for example, Fe/FeO mixtures, etc.) it is possible to preventively eliminate the harmful effects of impurity metals on the properties of thermoplastics.

. Biodegradable polyesters of hydrocicarboxylic acids, primarily poly(lactic acid), are charac- terized by rather long degradation periods. In this study, approaches to the development of composite materials based on polylactic acid, flexible-chain poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) with a nitrogen-containing biodegradation stimulator, glycoluril, have been studied. The effectiveness of glycoluril as an agent that increases thermal stability, optical properties, as well as the ability of materials to biofouling and biodegradation is shown.

The influence of the temperature regimes of the PET esterification process on the kinetics of the process, determined by the amount of released water, was studied. At the first stage, the amount of water in the isolated azeotropic mixture was studied by refractometry and IR spectroscopy. Samples of the separated azeotropic mixture were studied at various stages of PET esterification under various temperature regimes of synthesis. Using the calibration curve and the refractive index of the by-product of PET synthesis, the results of the water content in the studied homogenized mixture were obtained. Model solutions were also studied using IR spectroscopy. The quantitative content of water was determined from the intensity of the peak of vibration of hydroxyl groups. The obtained IR spectroscopy data can be used to calibrate the analyzed solutions. The second stage of the study was to confirm the values obtained by the refractometric method, using calculations of the acid number of the ester, determined by the acid-base titration method. The acid number for the PET-2 sample decreases with almost ninety percent conversion to terephthalic acid and at a higher temperature in the esterification step than for the PET-1 sample.It was found that the rate of the esterification reaction increases with increasing temperature. It has been established that the depth of the esterification stage can be judged from the value of the acid number.

The article touches upon the issues of waste disposal and reuse of used polytylene terephthalate products, which have both economic and environmental significance.